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Biology

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10.1 - The cell is the basic unit of structure in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

• The main features of prokaryotic cells:

• The structure of plant and animal cells as seen through an optical microscope:

10.2 - The electron microscope and the technique of cell fractionation may be used to study ultrastructure

• The principles and limitations of transmission and scanning electron microscopes:

• Difference between magnification and resolution:

• Interpreation of electron micrographs

• Identification of principle features and organelles (and functions of) of a eukaryotic cell:
  • Cell wall:
  • Plasma membrane:
  • Nucleus:
  • Chloroplast:
  • Mitochondrion:
  • Lysosome:
  • Ribosome:
  • Endoplasmic reticulum:
  • Golgi apparatus:
  • Microvilli:
  • Vesicles:

• Principle features of a bacterium:
• Cell wall, capsule and genetic material:

• Principles of cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation as used to seperate cell components:

10.3: The properties of plasma membranes are related to the passage of substances through them

• Arrangement of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates in the fluid-mosaic model of [[membrane structure.
• Diffusion and factors which determin it's rate. Fick's law - diffusion rate [proportional to] (surface area X difference in concentration)/thickness of exchange surface
• Osmosis as the movement of water from a solution of less negative water potential to a solution of more negative water potential through a partially permeable membrane.
• The role of protein molecules and energy in active transport and facilitated diffusion
• Endocytosis:
• Exocytosis:

10.4: Large molecules are important in the structure and functioning of cells:

• Biological molecules are based on a small number of chemical elements and frequently consist of monomers combined into polymers
• Structure and properties of carbohydrates
• Structures of [alpha]-glucose (cis) and [beta]-glucose (trans)
• Glycosidic bonds
• Benedict's reagent as a test for reducing sugars and for non-reducing sugars after acid hydrolysis. Iodine or potassium iodide solution for starch
• Basic structure and function of:
  • Starch:
  • Glycogen:
  • Cellulose:
  • Protein:
• General structure pf amino acids is:
• Linking together of aa by peptide bonds. Primary structure, Secondary structure, Tertiary structure, and Quaternary structure:
• Relationship between tertiary structure and globular protein - shape and function:
• Biuret test for proteins:
• Structure of lipids to include only saturate triglycerides, unsaturate triglycerides, and phospholipids.
• Emulsion test for lipids
• Chromatography to illustrate how milecules can be sepearated and identified.
• Calculation and use of R_f value
• Two-way chromatography:

10.5 - Enzymes are proteins which control biochemical reactions in cells

• Protein nature of enzymes:
• Enzymes as catalysts lowering activation energy through the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex
• Lock and key enzyme model:
• Induced fit enzyme model:
• Effects of the following on enzyme activity:
  • Temperature:
  • pH:
  • Substrate concentration:
  • Enzyme concentration:
  • Competitive inhibitors:
  • Non-competitive inhibitors:

10.6 - Tissues contain similar cells, and organs are structures made of different tissues

• Epithelial tissue:
• Features of alveolar epithelium over which gas exchange takes place:
• Blood is specialised tissue containing a number of different cell types. Confined to recognition of:
  • Red blood cells:
  • Lymphocytes:
  • Monocytes:
  • Granulocytes:
• Structure of RBCs in relation to their transport function:
• Relationship between size and surface area to volume ratio:
• Blood vessels are organs:
• Structure of the following in relation to their function:
  • Arteries:
  • Arterioles:
  • Veins:

10.7 - The blood system is a mass flow system which moves substances from one part of the body to another. It is linked with exchange surfaces.

• General pattern of blood circulation in a mammal.
• Names of the following - carotid artery, blood vessels entering and leaving the heart, liver and kidneys.
• Structure of capillaries, importance in metabolic exchange.
• Formation of tissue fluid and it's return ro the circulatory system. Details of lymphatic system not required.
• Gross structure of human gas-exchange system:
• Exchange of respiratory gases in the lungs:
• Fick's law provides an effective framework for consideration of how the maximum rate of diffusion of respiratory gases is achieved. Details of transport of oxygen and carbon diocide in the blood are not required.
• Mechanism of ventilation and it's nervous control:
• Composition of inhaled air and exhaled air.
• The role of the medulla and the phrenic nerves in generating a basic breathing rhythm.

10.8 - The functioing of the heart plays a central role in the circulation of blood and relates to the level of activity of an individual

• Gross structure of the human heart and its relation to function
• Pressure and volume changes and associated valve movements during the cardiac cycle
• Myogenic stimulation of the heart and transmission of a subsequent wave of electrical activity
• Roles of sinoastrial node, atrioventricular node and bundle of His.

• Cardiac output as the product of heart rate and stroke volume.
• Pulmonary ventilation as the product of tidal volume and breathing rate
• Changes in cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation with exercise:
• Nervous control of heart rate in relation to changing demands
• Redistribution of blood flow in response to varying degrees of exercise
• The relative stability of blood supply to the brain, kidneys and heart and the increase to skeletal muscle.