Gaborone

Coordinates: 24°39′29″S 25°54′44″E / 24.65806°S 25.91222°E / -24.65806; 25.91222
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Gabarone)

Gaborone
Top: Gaborone CBD; Middle: Botswana Parliament, Ministry of Education Building; Bottom: Gaborone National Museum, Botswana National Archives and Records Services
Flag of Gaborone
Nicknames: 
Gabs, GC, Gabz, G-City, Mageba, Moshate
Gaborone is located in Botswana
Gaborone
Gaborone
Location of Gaborone in Botswana
Gaborone is located in Africa
Gaborone
Gaborone
Gaborone (Africa)
Coordinates: 24°39′29″S 25°54′44″E / 24.65806°S 25.91222°E / -24.65806; 25.91222
Country Botswana
DistrictSouth East
Sub-districtGaborone
Founded1964[1]
Named forKgosi Gaborone
Government
 • TypeCity commission government
 • BodyGaborone City Council
 • MayorAustin Abraham (BDP)
 • Deputy MayorOduetse Tautona (BDP)
Area
 • Capital city169 km2 (65.25 sq mi)
Elevation1,014 m (3,326 ft)
Population
 (2022)[4]
 • Capital city246,325
 • Estimate 
(2020)[5]
273,602
 • Density1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)
 • Metro
421,907
Time zoneUTC+2 (Central Africa Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (not observed)
Geographical area code[6][7]3XX
ISO 3166 codeBW-SE
HDI (2019)0.807[8]
Very high
WebsiteGaborone City Council Website

Gaborone (UK: /ˌɡæbəˈrni, ˌhæb-/ GAB-ə-ROH-nee, HAB-,[9][10] US: /ˌɡɑːbəˈrni, -n/ GAH-bə-ROH-nee, -⁠nay,[9][11] Tswana: [χabʊˈrʊnɛ]) is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 246,325 based on the 2022 census,[4] about 10% of the total population of Botswana.[12] Its agglomeration is home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census.

Gaborone is situated between Kgale Hill and Oodi Hill, near the confluence of the Notwane River and Segoditshane River in the south-eastern corner of Botswana, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the South African border.[13] The city is served by the Sir Seretse Khama International Airport. It is an administrative district in its own right, but is the capital of the surrounding South-East District.[14] Locals often refer to the city as GC or Motse-Mshate.[15]

The city of Gaborone is named after Chief Gaborone of the Tlokwa tribe, who once controlled land nearby.[16] Because it had no tribal affiliation and was close to fresh water, the city was planned to be the capital in the mid-1960s when the Bechuanaland Protectorate became an independent nation.[16] The centre of the city is a long strip of commercial businesses, called "Main Mall" with a semicircle-shaped area of government offices to its east. Gaborone was once one of the fastest-growing cities in the world, and this has created problems with housing and illegal settlements. The city has also dealt with conflicts spilling into the country from Zimbabwe and South Africa during the 1980s.

Gaborone is the economic capital as well as the government capital; it is headquarters to numerous companies and the Botswana Stock Exchange. Gaborone is also home to the Southern African Development Community (SADC), a regional economic community established in 1980.[17] Many languages are spoken there, Setswana (Tswana) being the main tongue. English, Kalanga, and Kgalagadi are also spoken.

History[edit]

A postage stamp circa 1943, the postmark reading "Gaborone's Village"
Rev. Derek Jones, the first mayor of Gaborone

Evidence shows that there have been inhabitants along the Notwane River for centuries. In more recent history, the Tlokwa left the Magaliesberg ranges to settle in the area around 1880, and called the settlement Moshaweng. The word "Gaborone" literally means "it does not fit badly" or "it is not unbecoming".[18] The city was then called "Gaberones" by early European colonizers.[19] Gaberones, a shortening of "Gaborone's Village", was named after Chief Gaborone of the Tlokwa,[13] whose home village (now called Tlokweng) was across the river from the Government Camp, the name of the colonial government headquarters. The nickname, "GC", comes from the name "Government Camp".[15] In 1890, Cecil John Rhodes picked Gaberones to house a colonial fort.[20] The fort was where Rhodes planned the Jameson Raid.[19] The city changed its name from Gaberones to Gaborone in 1969.[21][22]

The modern town was only founded in 1964, after a decision was taken to establish a capital for Botswana, which became a self governing territory in 1965, before becoming a fully independent republic on 30 September 1966.

In 1965, the capital of the Bechuanaland Protectorate moved from Mafeking to Gaberones.[23] When Botswana gained its independence, Lobatse was the first choice as the nation's capital.[24] However, Lobatse was deemed too limited, and instead, a new capital city would be created next to Gaberones.[15] The city was chosen because of its proximity to a fresh water source, its proximity to the railway to Pretoria, its central location among the central tribes, and its lack of association with those surrounding tribes.[25]

The city was planned under Garden city principles with numerous pedestrian walkways and open spaces.[26] Building of Gaborone started in mid-1964. During the city's construction, the chairman of Gaberones Township Authority, Geoffrey Cornish, likened the layout of the city to a "brandy glass" with the government offices in the base of the glass and businesses in the "mall", a strip of land extending from the base.[27]

Most of the early town was built within three years, as a small town designed to accommodate 20,000 people – only to later develop after independence into a modern city. Buildings in early Gaborone include assembly buildings, government offices, a power station, a hospital, schools, a radio station, a telephone exchange, police stations, a post office, and more than 1,000 houses.[28] Because the town was built so quickly, there was a massive influx of labourers who had built illegal settlements on the new city's southern industrial development zone. These settlements were named Naledi. The latter term literally means "the star", but could also mean "under the open sky" or "a community that stands out from all others". In 1971, because of the growth of illegal settlements, the Gaborone Town Council and the Ministry of Local Government and Lands surveyed an area called Bontleng, which would contain low-income housing. However, Naledi still grew, and the demand for housing was greater than ever. In 1973, the Botswana Housing Corporation (BHC) built a "New Naledi" across the road from the "Old Naledi". Residents from Old Naledi would be moved to New Naledi. However, the demand for housing increased yet again; moreover, the residents who relocated to New Naledi disliked the houses. The problem was solved in 1975 when Sir Seretse Khama, the president of Botswana, rezoned Naledi from an industrial zone to a low-income housing area.[29]

On 30 September 1966, Bechuanaland became the eleventh British dependency in Africa to become independent. The first mayor of Gaborone was Reverend Derek Jones.[30] The old Gaberones became a suburb of the new Gaborone, and is now known as "the Village".[15]

In the mid-1980s, South Africa attacked Botswana and conducted raids on Gaborone and other border towns. The Raid on Gaborone resulted in twelve deaths.

After the 1994 General Elections, riots started in Gaborone because of high unemployment and other issues.[31]

Today, Gaborone is growing very rapidly. In 1964, Gaborone only had 3,855 citizens;[32] seven years later, the city had almost 18,000 residents.[33] The city originally planned on 20,000 citizens, but by 1992, the city had 138,000 people. This has led to many squatter settlements on undeveloped land.[34] Former mayor Veronica Lesole has stated that Gaborone's development problems were caused by the original city planners.[35]

Geography[edit]

Satellite View of Gaborone. North is to the left of the image.
Gaborone aerial

Gaborone is situated at 24°39′29″S 25°54′44″E / 24.65806°S 25.91222°E / -24.65806; 25.91222 between Kgale and Oodi Hills, on the Notwane River in the south-eastern corner of Botswana, and 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the South African border.[13] The city lies at an elevation of 1,010 metres (3,310 ft) above sea level. Gaborone is surrounded by the following cities: Ramotswa to the southwest, Mogoditshane to the northwest, and Mochudi to the east, and Tlokweng across the river. Most of them are commuter towns for Gaborone. Suburbs in Gaborone include Broadhurst, Gaborone West, The Village, Naledi.[13] Phakalane, an affluent suburb, lies about 13 km north of the city center.[36]

In the centre of the city lies the Main Mall which houses many diplomatic missions. At the eastern end of the Mall, one can find the Civic Centre along with the Pula Arch that commemorates Botswana's independence. The Botswana Stock Exchange, National Museum and Art Gallery, and the main campus of the University of Botswana also lie near the Main Mall. To the west of the Main Mall is the Government Enclave. This area contains the governmental buildings such as the National Assembly of Botswana and Ntlo ya Dikgosi buildings. The National Archives building is also found here.

Climate[edit]

Gaborone has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). Most of the year, Gaborone is very sunny. The summers are usually hot. The nights are cool. Usually, the summers with little rainfall are warmer than summers with regular rainfall. If there is a drought, the hottest temperatures of the year are usually in January or February. If there is normal rainfall, the hottest temperatures are usually in October, right before the rain starts. During the winter, days are still warm, and the nights are cold.[37]

There are on average seventy-four days per year with temperatures above 32 °C (90 °F). There are on average 196 days per year with temperatures above 26 °C (79 °F). There are on average fifty-one days per year with temperatures below 7 °C (45 °F). There is on average one day per year with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F).[38] The average dew point peaks around January and February at 16 °C (61 °F) and hits the lowest levels in July at 2 °C (36 °F). The average dew point in a given year is 10 °C (50 °F).[38] The record high temperature ever registered in Gaborone was 43.9 °C (111.0 °F).[39] The lowest temperature registered in Gaborone was −6.5 °C (20.3 °F).[39]

Precipitation in Gaborone is scanty and erratic. Most of the rainfall in Gaborone falls during the summer months, between October and April.[37] There are on average forty days of thunderstorms per year, most of them happening during the summer months, and four days of fog, usually happening during the winter months.[38] Gaborone has been affected by three floods based on records going back to 1995, one in 2000, one in 2001 that caused an estimated 5,000,000 Botswana pula worth of damage, and one in 2006.[40]

The highest humidity occurs in June at 90% while the lowest humidity is in September at 28%.[37]

Solar irradiance ranges from 4.1 kWh m−2 d−1 in June to 7.3 kWh m−2 d−1 in December.[37]

It is windier from September to November at 14 km/h (8.7 mph), and it is calmer from May to August at 8 km/h (5.0 mph). The average wind speed in a given year is 12 km/h (7.5 mph).[38]

Climate data for Gaborone (Sir Seretse Khama Airport, 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 39
(103)
40.6
(105.1)
39
(102)
37
(98)
33
(91)
29
(84)
28
(83)
33
(91)
39
(103)
38
(100)
40
(104)
39
(103)
40
(104)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.7
(90.9)
32.1
(89.8)
30.8
(87.4)
28.4
(83.1)
25.6
(78.1)
23.1
(73.6)
22.9
(73.2)
26.2
(79.2)
30.0
(86.0)
32.0
(89.6)
32.3
(90.1)
32.5
(90.5)
29.1
(84.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.7
(78.3)
25.2
(77.4)
23.7
(74.7)
20.6
(69.1)
16.8
(62.2)
13.7
(56.7)
13.5
(56.3)
16.9
(62.4)
21.2
(70.2)
24.0
(75.2)
24.7
(76.5)
25.3
(77.5)
20.9
(69.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.7
(67.5)
19.3
(66.7)
17.4
(63.3)
13.5
(56.3)
8.3
(46.9)
5.0
(41.0)
4.4
(39.9)
7.5
(45.5)
12.3
(54.1)
16.3
(61.3)
17.7
(63.9)
18.8
(65.8)
13.4
(56.1)
Record low °C (°F) 14
(57)
13
(55)
11
(52)
0
(32)
−1
(30)
−1
(30)
−2
(28)
0
(32)
5
(41)
7
(45)
8
(46)
11
(52)
−2
(28)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 143
(5.6)
82
(3.2)
74
(2.9)
30
(1.2)
8.3
(0.33)
7.5
(0.30)
1
(0.0)
0.9
(0.04)
5.8
(0.23)
5.8
(0.23)
58
(2.3)
71
(2.8)
487.3
(19.13)
Average rainy days 6 5 5 3 2 1 1 1 2 4 5 6 41
Source 1: African Regional Climate Centre[41]
Source 2: Weatherbase (records)[38]

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19643,855—    
197117,718+24.34%
198159,657+12.91%
1991133,468+8.39%
2001186,007+3.37%
2006191,776+0.61%
2011231,626+3.85%
2022246,325+0.56%
Sources:[2][42][12][32][33][4]

The population, based on the 2022 census, is 246,325. There are 118,727 males and 127,598 females in the city.[4] There are 58,476 households in Gaborone.[43] In 2001, the average household size was 3.11 people. The city of Gaborone is home to over 10% of the population of Botswana.[12][31] Almost half of Botswana citizens live within 100 kilometres (62 mi) of Gaborone.[44]

The population growth rate of Gaborone is 3.4%, the highest in the country. This is most likely because the city has a more developed infrastructure, making it more livable.[45] Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.[13] Much of the growth is based on net in migration from the rest of Botswana.[46]

The sex ratio of Gaborone is 96.3, meaning that there are 963 men for every 1,000 women.[42] Most of the marriages in Botswana are registered in Gaborone; about 15% of all marriages in Botswana were registered in Gaborone in 2007.[47] On average, there are 3.3 persons per household in Gaborone. This is a low number compared to the rest of Botswana.[12]

Places of worship[edit]

Gaborone Hindu temple

Among places of worship, Christian churches and temples predominate. These include houses of worship affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Botswana (Lutheran World Federation), Assemblies of God, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, International Pentecostal Holiness Church, Christ Embassy, Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaborone (Catholic Church).[48] Accompanying a significant community of ethnic Serbs in the city, there are also two Serbian Orthodox churches within Gaborone; the St. Nicholas Church and the St. Sava Church.

Culture[edit]

The National Museum and Art Gallery is located just northwest of the Mall along Independence Road.[49] The museum opened in 1968. It holds many things from traditional crafts to works of art by local artists. The museum houses original paintings by Thomas Baines and Lucas Sithole. Exhibits include Artists in Botswana, Children's Art Competition and Thapong International. Outside the museum, there are various forms of transportation such as wagons, sledges, and bakkies (pickup trucks). There is also an exhibit on the San, the earliest inhabitants of southern Africa.[50] The museum opened a 3.6-hectare (9-acre)[51] botanical garden called the National Botanical Garden on 2 November 2007.[52] The garden was built to protect Botswana's indigenous plant life, and 90% of its total plant species are native plants from Botswana.[51]

The Maitisong Festival was started in 1987 and is held every year for seven days on either the last week of March or the first week of April. The festival holds outdoor concerts, plays, and films in various venues around the city.[19]

"My African Dream" was a performing-arts competition during the 2000s that was held every year at the Gaborone International Convention Center. The show featured many kwaito dancers and musicians.[31]

The book series The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency, written by Scottish author Alexander McCall Smith, is set in Gaborone. The books follow Precious Ramotswe, the first female private detective in Botswana, and the mysteries that she solves. The Detective Kubu series, by Michael Stanley (South African co-writers Michael Sears and Stanley Trollip), features Assistant Superintendent David 'Kubu' Bengu of the Botswana Police Service Criminal Investigation Department.

Economy[edit]

I-Tower at Central Business District

Gaborone is the center of the national economy. The headquarters of important financial institutions such as the Bank of Botswana, Bank Gaborone, BancABC, and the Botswana Stock Exchange are centrally located, as well as the headquarters for Air Botswana, Consumer Watchdog, Botswana Telecommunications Corporation, and Debswana, the joint diamond mining venture between De Beers and the Botswana government. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) has its headquarters in Gaborone; the organization was formed in 1980 to increase economic cooperation among its members and reduce dependence on South Africa.[13]

Several international companies have invested in the city: Hyundai, SABMiller, Daewoo, Volvo, and Siemens.[46]

Orapa House

Orapa House, owned by Debswana, is where the diamonds mined from Debswana are sorted and valued. Orapa House is located at the intersection of Khama Crescent and Nelson Mandela Drive.[49] It has a unique style of architecture that allows the optimal amount of indirect sunlight to shine through the windows in order to accurately sort diamonds.[53]

A Diamond Technology Park was recently opened[when?], this is as part of Botswana Government's vision for establishment of downstream diamond industry.[citation needed] Companies dealing in diamonds have established their local operations in the park.

The Botswana Resource Conference is held annually at the Gaborone International Conference Centre.

The unemployment rate in Gaborone is 11.7% as of 2008.[54][needs update] 19.7% of the population in Gaborone is employed in the financial sector.[54][needs update]

According to Mercer's 2011 Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, Gaborone has the 195th highest cost of living for expatriates in the world, up from 203rd in 2010. Gaborone comes between Chennai, India and Quito, Ecuador. Gaborone is the fourth least expensive city for expatriates in Africa, coming in above Addis Ababa, Ethiopia at 211th, Kampala, Uganda at 202nd and Windhoek, Namibia at 198th.[55]

Sport[edit]

There are several football stadiums located in and around Gaborone. These include SSKB Stadium, Mochudi Stadium, and Botswana National Stadium. There are also several football teams representing Gaborone, which include, amongst others, Botswana Defence Force XI, Gaborone United, Police XI, Township Rollers and Uniao Flamengo Santos FC, which is based in nearby Gabane; all of them have played in the Botswana Premier League. The Botswana national football team plays in the National Stadium, but has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup, even though they recently qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations, held in Gabon in January 2012.

The Botswana Cricket Association, the governing body of cricket in Botswana, is headquartered in Gaborone. There are two Ovals where cricket is played in the city.

The Steinmetz Gaborone Marathon, the second marathon in Botswana, was held for the first time on 18 April 2010. The route started at the Phakalane Golf Estate in Phakalane, north of the city, and went through Gaborone, passing the National Assembly Building. The marathon, which was cancelled in 2011, has been held annually starting from 2012.[56]

Parks and recreation[edit]

The Gaborone Dam is located south of Gaborone along the Gaborone-Lobatse road, and provides water for both Gaborone and Lobatse. The dam is the second biggest in Botswana, able to hold 141,400,000 cubic metres (184,900,000 cu yd).[59] It is also starting to be marketed as a recreational area. The northern end of the reservoir is planned to become an entertainment venue called The Waterfront. There is a yacht club, called Gaborone Yacht Club, also on the northern side of the lake. The southern end houses the Kalahari Fishing Club and a new public facility called City Scapes. City Scapes contains parks, playgrounds, and boating facilities.[60] The dam is popular with birdwatchers, windsurfers, and anglers.[19] However, there is no swimming due to the presence of crocodiles and parasitic bilharzias.[53]

Wildlife[edit]

Watch house in Gaborone Game Reserve

The Gaborone Game Reserve is a 600-hectare (1,500-acre) park east of the city on Limpopo Drive.[49] The reserve was built in 1988 and is now the third-busiest in Botswana. Examples of animals in the park are impala, kudu, ostriches, wildebeest, zebras, gemsbok, bushbuck, springbok, duiker, common eland, and common warthogs.[19] The park is a destination for birdwatching.[50] Birds in the marshy section of the park include snake eagles, boubou, gallinule, kingfishers, and hornbills.[19]

Ostriches at Mokolodi Nature Reserve, Botswana

Kgale Hill is located a few hundred metres from the city. The hill is nicknamed the Sleeping Giant and is 1,287 metres (4,222 ft). There are three different paths to reach the top, usually taking two hours.[19]

The Mokolodi Nature Reserve is a 30-square-kilometre (12 sq mi) reserve that was created in 1994.[61] It is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of Gaborone.[19] There are many different species of animals found in the park such as common warthogs, steenbok, kudu, zebras, giraffes, common eland, ostriches, hippos and rhinos. The park helps with wildlife projects in Botswana that include: the reintroduction of the white rhino and the relocation of "problem" cheetahs. Mokolodi also holds the Education Centre, which teaches children about the conservation projects.[61]

Somarelang Tikologo (Environment Watch Botswana) is a member-based environmental NGO housed inside an ecological park at the heart of Gaborone. The aim of the organization is to promote sustainable environmental protection by educating, demonstrating and encouraging best practices in environmental planning, resource conservation and waste management in Botswana. The park was officially opened by the Botswana Minister of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism, Onkokame kitso Mokaila on 27 February 2009. The park contains a playground for children to play on throughout the day, a community organic garden, a recycling drop-off center, and a shop where visitors can purchase products made of recycled material.[62]

Government[edit]

The National Assembly of Botswana

Local government[edit]

Gaborone is controlled by the Gaborone City Council, the wealthiest council in Botswana.[63] It is composed of 35 councillors representing the wards of Gaborone. The Townships Act mandates the structure of local governments in Botswana. Because Botswana is a unitary state, the power of the local councils are delegated from the national level. The Ministry of Local Government, Land and Housing has a major influence in terms of personnel hiring and training, budgeting, and development planning.[64]

The city commission-style council is run by the city clerk and the deputy city clerk. The city is governed by the mayor, deputy mayor, and several committees run by councillors: the financial and general purposes committee; the public health, social welfare and housing committee; the Self-Help Housing Agency (SHAA) management committee; the town planning committee; the trade licensing committee; and the education committee.[46] The councillors elect the mayor in a first-past-the-post system and place each other in the committees yearly.[32] The council has 2,515 employees.[46]

An income tax called the Local Government Tax used to be the main source of income of the city council, but it was abolished. Today, the city council derives most of its revenue from property rates. City councillors feel that because of recurrent obligations, they have little room to institute new solutions.[64]

The city council has been criticised by the Botswana Association of Local Authorities for its closed elections and minimal authority.[32] In 2010, the council had problems with waste management: Frenic, the waste management company hired by the city, sued the Gaborone City Council for unpaid compensation.[65] This has led to a buildup of uncollected garbage.[66] Haskins Nkaigwa, mayor of Gaborone from 2011, has stressed the importance of more local autonomy. He advocates for a stronger city council with the power to determine budgets and hire and fire clerks and officers.[67]

National government[edit]

Gaborone is the political centre of Botswana. Most government buildings are located west of the Main Mall in an area called the Government Enclave.[49] The National Assembly of Botswana, the Ntlo ya Dikgosi, the National Archives,[26] the Department of Taxes and Attorney General's Chambers Building, and the Ministry of Health. Near the entrance of the parliament building, there is a statue of Sir Seretse Khama, Botswana's first president as well as a memorial dedicated to the three hundred Batswana who were killed from 1939 to 1945.[68] Another monument pays tribute to the Botswana Defence Force soldiers who died in the Rhodesian Bush War.[18]

Before 1982, Gaborone held one parliamentary constituency, one seat in the Parliament of Botswana. From 1982 to 1993, Gaborone was divided into two constituencies, Gaborone North and Gaborone South. A third seat in Parliament was given to a member elected for the whole city of Gaborone. In January 1993, two new constituencies were created: Gaborone West and Gaborone Central. For local government elections, the four constituencies were divided into wards. Gaborone North had seven, Gaborone West had seven. Gaborone Central had six, and Gaborone South had five.[46] In 2019, the city had five constituencies: Gaborone North, Gaborone Central, Gaborone South, Gaborone West North, and Gaborone West South.[69]

An International Law Enforcement Academy (ILEA) was established on 24 July 2000 in Gaborone. The academy would provide training for middle managers for the countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC).[70]

There are 21 diplomatic missions in Gaborone.

Education[edit]

St. Joseph's College students

There are more people who have earned a degree or postgraduate qualifications in Gaborone than anywhere else in Botswana. 70.9% of the population of Gaborone have earned at least a secondary-level education[12] 2.6% of the population of Gaborone has never attended school.[54]

Gaborone has many primary and secondary schools, both public and private. These include Westwood International School,[71] Maru-a-Pula School,[72] St. Joseph's College, Kgale,[73] Legae Academy,[74] Northside Primary School, Thornhill Primary School and Hillcrest International School. Seventeen of the sixty private schools in Botswana are located in Gaborone.[75]

The main campus of the University of Botswana (which was established in 1982)[13] is on the eastern extent of the city.[49]

In addition there are other universities or institutions of higher education that cater to specialized study and instruction: Limkokwing University Of Creative Technology (which also has a campus in Gaborone); the Botswana Accountancy College (which caters to both accounting and IT students); Botswana Open University (offering long-distance learning); Gaborone Technical College; Boitekanelo College; Botho University (which offers courses ranging from computing, accounting and finance, business, engineering and health information management); and Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, situated approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the city centre.[76]

Further, in year 2006, the Gaborone Universal College of Law, opened its main campus in Gaborone,[77] with its first group of students graduating in 2010.[78]

Media[edit]

Newspapers published in Gaborone include Mmegi, The Botswana Gazette, The Monitor, Midweek Sun, The Patriot on Sunday, Sunday Standard, and The Voice. Magazines published are Lapologa, Peolwane, Kutwlano among others.

Radio station Yarona FM broadcasts from Gaborone; its frequency in Gaborone is 106.6 FM. Another small, local radio station in Gaborone is Gabz FM, Duma FM & Yarona FM.[79] 86.6% of Gaborone households own a working radio.[54]

Before 2000, residents of Gaborone received television programming from BOP TV in Mahikeng via a repeating transmitter on the summit of Kgale Hill.[79] Today, the Gaborone Broadcasting Company and Botswana TV provide television programming for Gaborone. 78.7% of the households in Gaborone have a working television. Other local channels based in Gaborone are Now TV, Khuduga HD, Access TV & Maru TV.[54]

93.7% of the households in Gaborone have a cell phone.[54]

Infrastructure[edit]

Traffic in Gaborone

Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa. The growth of Gaborone, especially suburban growth, has caused much of the farmland surrounding the city to be absorbed into the city. Much of the food for Gaborone comes from north of the city with some smaller-scale farms on the southern end.[80] The city centre was planned to be functionalist,[26] with major buildings designed and built in the style of Modern architecture. The city is surrounded by smaller buildings.[81] The city's central business district (CBD) is still under construction so when one says downtown, they actually mean the Main Mall and Government Enclave areas where tall buildings are usually found.[81][82] The Main Mall, a car-free shopping and commercial area, runs in an east–west direction with the Government Enclave and National Assembly on the west end and the Gaborone City Town Council complex on the east.[18]

Gaborone's CBD is home to the new Square Mall, The Tower, the new SADC headquarters, the Industrial Court,[83] a court specifically for settling trade disputes,[84] and the Three Dikgosi Monument, a landmark featuring the statues of Khama III, Sebele I, and Bathoen I,[85] three dikgosi, or chiefs, who traveled to Great Britain to establish the Bechuanaland Protectorate separate from Southern Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe) or the Cape Colony (present-day South Africa). The monument was inaugurated on 29 September 2005.[86] While the statues represent famous historical figures, there has been some controversy over the cost of the construction, P12,000,000 (approx. US$1.7M, €1.4M, or £1.1M as of June 2010), and over the construction company, North Korean Mansudae Overseas Projects, putting the wrong inscription date.[87] Other buildings under construction in the CBD include the Holiday Inn Gaborone, retail space, and office space.[88]

Utilities[edit]

The city gets most of its water from the reservoir formed from the Gaborone Dam on the southeast side of the city, which has facilitated growth.[15] The city of Gaborone was originally constructed as a small town, so the Gaborone Dam needed to be built to provide water for all its citizens.[36]

From 2007 to 2008, 23,963,000 cubic metres (31,342,000 cu yd) of water was sold in Gaborone. The government sector bought the most water, 11,359,000 cubic metres (14,857,000 cu yd). 8,564,000 cubic metres (11,200,000 cu yd) of water was bought for domestic use, and 4,040,000 cubic metres (5,280,000 cu yd) of water was bought by the commercial and industrial sectors. In 2008, the city of Gaborone consumed 25,657,363 kilolitres (33,558,564 cu yd) of water, and the water consumption per capita was 0.184 cubic metres (0.241 cu yd) per person per year, the lowest rate since 1999.[59]

Gaborone has some of the highest water tariffs in the country because of high transportation costs and high water consumption. The high tariffs may also be due to the fact that some of Gaborone's water supply is imported from the Letsibogo Dam.[59]

The average pH of the water in the Gaborone Dam is 7.95 as of February 2006. The concentration of calcium in the reservoir was 14.87milligrams per litre from April 2001 to August 2006. During the same period, the concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was 57.73 milligrams per litre, slightly over Botswana's ideal concentration which means the water is hard. Also during the same period, the chloride concentration was 6.44 mg/l, the fluoride concentration was 0.54 mg/l, the potassium concentration was 6.72 mg/l, and the sodium concentration was 10.76 mg/l.[59]

Healthcare[edit]

Medical rescue team car

The Botswana Red Cross Society, established in 1968, is headquartered in Gaborone. The Princess Marina Hospital is the main referral hospital in Gaborone and houses 500 beds.[89] There is also Gaborone Private Hospital and Sidilega Private Hospital all operating in the city of Gaborone. The Cancer Association of Botswana is a voluntary non-governmental organization established as a trust in 1998. The association is a leading service provider in supplementing existing services through provision of cancer prevention and health promotion programmes, facilitating access to health services for cancer patients and offering support and counselling to those affected.

HIV/AIDS[edit]

AIDS is a very serious problem in Gaborone. 17,773 Gaborone citizens, 17.1% of the total population of Gaborone, have tested positive for HIV. There is a higher prevalence of HIV among women; 20.5% of women have tested positive compared to 13.6% of men. The population between 45 and 49 years of age are most likely to have AIDS with 35.4% of the residents in that age group testing positive.[54]

HIV/AIDS education is extensive in Gaborone. However, a 2008 study shows that 14.5% of Gaborone residents between 10 and 64 who have heard of HIV/AIDS believe that HIV can be spread through witchcraft, and 31.3% of the residents believe HIV can be spread through mosquito bites.[54]

Transportation[edit]

Railways[edit]

The railway that served the founding purpose of the city remains important, bisecting the city in a north–south direction.[13] Botswana Railways runs a line that goes from Cape Town to Harare via Bulawayo. The railway station in Gaborone is located south of the Parliament House in the city's centre.[49] The line stops at the following cities in and near Botswana: Ramatlabama on the South African border, Lobatse, Gaborone, Palapye, Serule, Francistown, Ramokgwebana, and Plumtree, Zimbabwe.[90] The line became a cargo-only line on 1 April 2009[91] but passenger services resumed in early 2016.[92]

Airports[edit]

Sir Seretse Khama International Airport (GBE)

Sir Seretse Khama International Airport (ICAO code: FBSK[93] IATA code: GBE[93]) lies 25 kilometres (16 mi)[31] north of the city[49] and in 2018 has flights to Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Addis Ababa and various domestic destinations.[94] It is the headquarters of Air Botswana, the national airline of Botswana.

In 2008, Sir Seretse Khama International Airport handled 15,844 aircraft movements, second only to Maun Airport (ICAO code: FMBN[95] IATA code: MUB[95]) Air traffic in Gaborone has decreased since 2006. However, Gaborone has the most air passenger traffic, accounting for 51.6% of all passenger movement in Botswana. International passengers total 244,073 passengers while domestic air passenger movement comes up to 333,390 passengers.[96] Gaborone International Airport terminal was rebuilt into a modern terminal in 2010.

Roads[edit]

Road map of Gaborone

Highways in and around Gaborone include the Trans-Kalahari Highway, A1 Highway, A10 Highway and the Cairo-Cape Town Highway. There are five major roads in Gaborone that go to Lobatse, Kanye, Molepolole, Francistown via Mochudi, and Tlokweng.[97]

Public transport[edit]

Kombi
Kombi (Minibus taxi)

Public transport in the city is generally reliable, when compared with major African cities. Kombis (small vans) and taxis ply the routes within the city, while buses serve surrounding villages and other towns in Botswana.[13]

Private traffic[edit]

Gaborone has several vehicle licensing stations. 15,538 new private motor vehicles, accounting for 46.5% of Botswana's total new vehicle registrations, were registered in Gaborone in 2008, of which 8,440 were passenger cars, 440 were minibuses, 204 were motorcycles, and 181 were tractors. The total has increased from 12,690 new vehicle registrations in 2007. Gaborone also has the highest number of vehicle registration renewals at 73,206 in 2008.[96]

Including the district of Gaborone West, Gaborone had 9,415 vehicle accidents with 74 human fatalities in 2008. Most of the traffic collisions in that year, 3,146 collisions, were side collisions. 263 accidents involved animals. The city has also seen 679 pedestrian casualties in 2008; 24 pedestrians were killed. The majority of vehicle accident casualties involved pedestrians, and most traffic accidents occur between 16:00 and 18:00.[96]

Notable people[edit]

  • Letsile Tebogo (b. 2003) Motswana Athlete, Sprinter, won He won the silver medal at the 2023 World Championships in the 100 m and followed it up with a bronze medal in the 200 m 5 days later.[2] Tebogo won the gold medal in the 100 metres and a silver in the 200 metres at both the 2021 and 2022 World Athletics Under-20 Championships. In 2021, Tebogo became the first Botswana athlete to claim the 100m title at any World Championships level. He is the 200m 2022 African champion, becoming the youngest winner of this title in competition history.

Tebogo held the world U20 record in the 100m between April 2022 and July 2023. He was the first man from Botswana to break the 10-second barrier. In the World Athletics Championships, Budapest 2023, Nemzeti Atlétikai Központ, Budapest, He won Silver in the men's 100m on the men's 100m on 20 August 2023 and won Bronze in the men's 200m on 25 August 2023. This made him the first African to win a medal in the men's 100m.

International relations[edit]

Gaborone has been twinned with:

Gallery[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Parsons, Neil (19 August 1999). "Botswana History Page 7: Geography". Botswana History Pages. Gaborone, Botswana: University of Botswana History Department. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  2. ^ a b "BOTSWANA STATISTICAL YEAR BOOK 2010" (PDF). Statistics Botswana. Gaborone: Central Statistics Office. December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  3. ^ "Gaborone, Botswana Page". Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d "Statistics Bostwana - Census 2022 - Population of cities, towns and villages" (PDF).
  5. ^ "Demographics, 2001-2031, Botswana - Botswana Data Portal". Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  6. ^ "Current Local Time in Gaborone, Botswana". www.timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  7. ^ Botswana Telecommunications Authority (11 September 2009). Botswana (country code +267). International Telecommunication Union. Archived from the original (DOC) on 27 December 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
  8. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Gaborone". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  10. ^ "Gaborone". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
  11. ^ "Gaborone". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  12. ^ a b c d e Central Statistics Office (January 2009). "Botswana Demographic Survey 2006" (PDF). Gaborone, Botswana. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Seth, Willie (2008). "Major urban centres". Botswana and Its People. Godfrey Mwakikagile. pp. 44–46. ISBN 978-0-9814258-7-0. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  14. ^ Laws of Botswana Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Local Government Archived 18 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ a b c d e Njeru, Purity (2009). "History of Gaborone". Nairobi, Kenya: The African Executive. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  16. ^ a b "Map - Gaborone - MAP[N]ALL.COM". 174.127.109.64. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  17. ^ "Southern African Development Community :: About SADC". www.sadc.int. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  18. ^ a b c "Travel Companion – Southern Botswana" (PDF). Travel Companion. Botswana Tourism Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h Hardy, Paula; Firestone, Matthew D. (2007). "Gaborone". Botswana & Namibia. Lonely Planet. pp. 75–88. ISBN 978-1-74104-760-8. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  20. ^ "African cities- Gaborone History". Gaborone.info. AfricanCities.net. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  21. ^ "Regions Given New Spelling". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Spokane, Washington, USA. Associated Press. 22 December 1969. p. 11. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  22. ^ Britannica, Gaborone Gaborone, britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019
  23. ^ Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 113
  24. ^ Books, L. L. C. (June 2010). Settlements in Botswan: Cities, Towns and Villages in Botswana, Gaborone, Palapye, Moshupa, Serowe, Francistown, Maun, Ghanzi, Hukuntsi. General Books. ISBN 978-1-157-93814-9.
  25. ^ Seth, Willie (2008). "Major urban centres". Botswana and Its People. New Africa Press. pp. 44–46. ISBN 978-0-9814258-7-0.
  26. ^ a b c Keiner, Marco; Zegras, Christopher; Schmid, Willy A. (2004). Keiner, Marco; Zegras, Christopher; Schmid, Willy A.; et al. (eds.). From understanding to action: sustainable urban development in medium-sized cities in Africa and Latin America. Springer. pp. 19, 63, 68, 93. ISBN 978-1-4020-2879-3. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  27. ^ Paine, David J. (15 April 1966). "Capital City Being Built On Virgin Soil". Eugene Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon, USA. Associated Press. section D, p. 3. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  28. ^ killion (29 June 2009). "The Unsustainable urban growth of Gaborone City, Botswana". Boidus: Blogs. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  29. ^ Van Nostrand, John Cornelius (1982). "Old Naledi: History of Settlement". Old Naledi, the village becomes a town: an outline of the Old Naledi Squatter Upgrading Project, Gaborone, Botswana. James Lorimer & Company. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-0-88862-650-9. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  30. ^ Grant, Sandy (18 June 2009). Our Heritage. Vol. 26. Gaborone, Botswana: Mmegi Online. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  31. ^ a b c d LeVert, Suzanne (2007). Botswana. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 15, 27–28, 105. ISBN 978-0-7614-2330-0. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  32. ^ a b c d Maundeni, Zibani (June 2004). Mapping Local Democracy in Gaborone City (PDF). Botswana Association of Local Authorities. ISBN 99912-564-2-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  33. ^ a b Central Statistics Office. "Table 1.6: Distribution of Population in Urban Settlements: 1971–2001 Censuses". Gaborone, Botswana. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
  34. ^ Carr, Michael (1997). "The form and future shape of the modem city". New patterns: process and change in human geography (2nd ed.). Nelson Thornes. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-17-438681-0. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  35. ^ "Garden City Concept is a thing of the past, says Richard Rogers". Boidus.co.bw. 15 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  36. ^ a b Phakalane Properties (2008). "Gaborone Information – Phakalane Properties, Botswana". Phakalane, Botswana. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  37. ^ a b c d Bauer, Carl (2005). "Climate" (PDF). Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation in the Building Sector in Botswana. Gaborone, Botswana: Bauer Consult. pp. 6–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  38. ^ a b c d e "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Gaborone, Botswana". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  39. ^ a b "Botswana's Climate". Meteorological Services Botswana. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  40. ^ Central Statistics Office (August 2009). "NATURAL DISASTERS DIGEST 2008" (PDF). Gaborone, Botswana. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  41. ^ "Precipitation and temperature reference climatologies: Seretse Khama International Airport". African Regional Climate Centre. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  42. ^ a b "The Population of Towns, Villages and Associated Localities" (PDF). 2011 Population and Housing Census. Gaborone: Statistics Botswana. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  43. ^ Central Statistics Office (7 February 2008). "Table 1.1: Population by sex and census districts (1991 And 2001)". Gaborone, Botswana. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  44. ^ Jefferis, Keith; Pickering, Dawn; Kenwendo, Bogolo (2010). "Botswana Country Overview 2010/11" (PDF). Botswana Resource Conference 2010. Capital Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  45. ^ Central Statistics Office (February 2005). "2001 POPULATION CENSUS ATLAS: BOTSWANA" (PDF). Gaborone, Botswana. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  46. ^ a b c d e Lekorwe, Mogopodi (1998). "The politics of urban governance and management in Gaborone" (PDF). Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies. 12 (1 & 2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  47. ^ A. N. Majelantle (May 2010). "MARRIAGE STATISTICS 2007" (PDF). STATS BRIEF. Gaborone, Botswana: Central Statistics Office. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  48. ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 380
  49. ^ a b c d e f g Gaborone City map (Map). Botswana Maps. Botswana Tourism Board. 2001. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  50. ^ a b "Gaborone Holidays – a Visit to the Vibrant Cosmopolitan Capital". 24 May 2006. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  51. ^ a b "National Botanical Garden". Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  52. ^ Palapye (25 October 2007). "National Museum to Launch Botanical Garden". Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  53. ^ a b "African cities- Gaborone Culture". Gaborone.info. AfricanCities.net. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h "2008 Botswana AIDS Impact Survey III" (PDF). BAIS. Gaborone: Central Statistics Office. November 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  55. ^ "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 – city ranking". Cost of Living Survey. Toronto: Mercer. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  56. ^ "Gaborone City Marathon". Archived from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  57. ^ "Stadiums in Gaborone". worldstadia.com. 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  58. ^ "Stadiums in Botswana". World Stadiums. 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  59. ^ a b c d Majelantle, A. (October 2009). "Botswana water statistics" (PDF). Gaborone, Botswana: Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  60. ^ Gabscity.com. "City – Gabscity.com all about Gaborone". Gaborone, Botswana. Archived from the original on 9 August 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  61. ^ a b Mokolodi Nature Reserve. "Introduction". Mokolodi Nature Reserve. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  62. ^
  63. ^ Nengwekhulu, Ranwedzi (1 April 1996). "Chapter Five: The Structure and Membership of the Council" (PDF). An evaluation of the nature and role of local government in post colonial Botswana (DPhil thesis). University of Pretoria School of Public Management and Administration. pp. 98–124. etd-09222008-160653. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  64. ^ a b Wunsch, James S. (1998). "Decentralization, Local Governance and the Democratic Transition in Southern Africa: A Comparative Analysis" (PDF). African Studies Quarterly. 2 (1). Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Center for African Studies: 19–45. ISSN 2152-2448. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  65. ^ Mooketsi, Lekopanye (3 March 2010). "Frenic Company sues Gaborone City Council". Mmegi. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  66. ^ Ngwanaamotho, Maranyane (9 April 2010). "Gaborone City Council fails to collect garbage". Mmegi. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  67. ^ Keoreng, Ephraim (5 October 2011). "New Gaborone Mayor seeks power to hire and fire". Gaborone. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  68. ^ "Botswana Review 29th Edition". Botswana Review of Commerce and Industry. 29. Gaborone, Botswana: B&T Directories (Pty) LTD. 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  69. ^ Odubeng, Maureen (18 October 2019). "How Parties Fared in 2019 Parliamentary Election". The Monitor. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  70. ^ "History". ILEA Gaborone-Botswana. 29 June 2009. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  71. ^ "Westwood International School". www.westwoodis.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  72. ^ "Home - Maru-a-Pula School". Maru-a-Pula School. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  73. ^ "ST JOSEPH'S COLLEGE". LocalBotswana. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  74. ^ "Home". www.legaeacademy.co.bw. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  75. ^ "Education Statistics 2011" (PDF). Statistics Botswana. Gaborone: Central Statistics Office. December 2011. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  76. ^ "BCA becomes university", Daily News, Gaborone, Botswana, 12 November 2013, archived from the original on 1 July 2016, retrieved 4 April 2016
  77. ^ "About Us". Gaborone, Botswana: Gaborone Universal College of Law. Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  78. ^ Mokgoabone, Kabo (6 September 2010). "Gaborone University College of Law holds 2010 graduation". Sunday Standard. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  79. ^ a b Denbow, James Raymond; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). "Literature and Media". Culture and customs of Botswana. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  80. ^ Cavric, Branko I.; Mosha, Aloysius C. (July 2001). "Incorporating Urban Agriculture In Gaborone City Planning" (PDF). Urban Agriculture Magazine. Vol. 4. pp. 25–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2009 – via RUAF Foundation.
  81. ^ a b "Gaborone: a capital city w/ a strange design". 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  82. ^ Gabscity.com. "Home – Gabscity.com all about Gaborone". Gaborone, Botswana. Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  83. ^ Mosinyi, Wanetsha (8 May 2009). New CBD threatens office space market. Gaborone, Botswana: Mmegi Online. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  84. ^ "The Industrial Court of Botswana". Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  85. ^ "Historians support dikgosi statues". Gaborone, Botswana: Gabscity.com. 8 September 2005. Archived from the original on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  86. ^ "The Highlights Of An Eventful Year". Mmegi. Vol. 49, no. 5. 19 December 2005. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  87. ^ Keto Segwai (28 July 2006). "Three dikgosi in waiting". Mmegi. Vol. 23, no. 111. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  88. ^ Benza, Brian (11 August 2008). Masa Towers To Cost P275 Million – Giachetti. Vol. 25. Gaborone, Botswana: Mmegi Online. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  89. ^ "Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone". Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  90. ^ Botswana Railway Network (Map). 1 : 8,000,000. Botswana Maps. Botswana Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  91. ^ Malikongwa, Lewis (27 February 2009). Termination of Botswana Railways' Passenger Service. Botswana: Ministry of Works and Transport. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  92. ^ Mouwane, Tumelo (23 March 2016). "New, improved passenger train sets off". Mmegi Online. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  93. ^ a b Airport information for Sir Seretse Khama International Airport at Great Circle Mapper.
  94. ^ Domestic & international airline routes map (Map). Botswana Maps. Botswana Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  95. ^ a b Airport information for Maun Airport at Great Circle Mapper.
  96. ^ a b c A. N. Majelantle (December 2009). "Botswana transport statistics – 2008" (PDF). Botswana Transport Statistics. Gaborone, Botswana: Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  97. ^ Road network map (Map). 1 : 6,000,000. Botswana Maps. Botswana Tourism Board. lower right inset. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  98. ^ A piecing together of fragments Archived 16 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine Mmegi Online. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  99. ^ Setlalekgosi, Onneile (15 July 2016). "The immortal story teller". Botswana: The Voice. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  100. ^ "Burbank's Sister Cities". Burbank Sister City Organization. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2010.

External links[edit]