Torii Mototada

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In this Japanese name, the surname is Torii.
Torii Mototada
鳥居 元忠
Head of Torii clan
In office
1572–1600
Preceded byTorii Tadayoshi
Succeeded byTorii Tadamasa
Personal details
Born1539
Okazaki, Aichi
DiedSeptember 8, 1600
Siege of Fushimi, Kyoto
RelationsHonda Shigetsugu (brother in law)
ChildrenTorii Tadamasa
Military service
Allegiance Tokugawa clan
CommandsTanimura Castle
Battles/warsBattle of Mikatagahara (1573)
Siege of Suwahara Castle (1575)
Battle of Komaki-Nagakute (1584)
Siege of Ueda Castle (1585)
Siege of Fushimi (1600)

Torii Mototada (鳥居 元忠, 1539 – September 8, 1600) was a Japanese Samurai and Daimyo of the Sengoku period through late Azuchi–Momoyama period, who served Tokugawa Ieyasu. Torii died at the siege of Fushimi where his garrison was greatly outnumbered and destroyed by the army of Ishida Mitsunari. Torii's refusal to surrender had a great impact on Japanese history; the fall of Fushimi bought Ieyasu some time to regroup his army and eventually win the Battle at Sekigahara.

Early life[edit]

Torii was born in Okazaki, the son of Torii Tadayoshi.[1] As a boy, he was sent as hostage to the Imagawa clan.[1] The young Mototada served the then-Matsudaira Takechiyo as a page.[1] After Ieyasu's return from the Imagawa clan, and his unification of Mikawa Province, Mototada served as one of his chief generals.

In 1572, Mototada succeeded the Torii family headship, following the death of his father.

Service under Ieyasu[edit]

In 1573, He fought at the Battle of Mikatagahara[2] and Battle of Suwahara Castle the following year and was wounded in the legs, which rendered walking difficult for him from then on.

Mototada served in all of Ieyasu's major campaigns. With only 2,000 men he mounted a rearguard action against the Hōjō clan's force of over 10,000, and defeated them; soon after, Ieyasu granted him Tanimura Castle in Kai Province.

Later, in 1585, he joined Ōkubo Tadayo and Hiraiwa Chikayoshi in laying siege to the Sanada clan's Ueda Castle.

After Ieyasu's move to the Kantō region, Torii was granted the 40,000 koku fief of Yasaku in Shimōsa Province, which made him a Daimyō.

Death[edit]

Main article: Siege of Fushimi

With the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1598, the remainder of the Council of Five Elders & the rest of the Toyotomi government, had Mōri Terumoto as its titular head, though he stayed entrenched in Osaka Castle, so leadership fell to Mitsunari in the field. In August 1600, Mototada was forewarned by spies that an army of 40,000 battle-hardened followers of Toyotomi Hideyori, now under Mitsunari formed a coalition against Tokugawa, and were annihilating everything in their path on their march to Fushimi Castle. Date Matsamune by Tokugawa Ieyasu's order, was holding off forces in the North against Uesugi Kagekatsu, while Ieyasu was racing east to Edo to gather his forces, but he needed time. All Ieyasu's hopes now rest on the fate of his castle at Fushimi, a fortress that controls all roads that lead east. Torii Mototada and his 1800 men garrison were badly outnumbered, and it should be mentioned that escape for the men inside was still possible.

In an act of loyalty to his lord Tokugawa Ieyasu, Torii chose to remain behind, honoring his friend & lord's request, pledging that he and his bastion would fight to the very end. When Ishida Mitsunari's army of 40,000 attacked, perhaps the greatest, most noble accomplishment in battle, in all of samurai history took place. Despite the insurmountable odds that Torii Mototada & his men faced, they defended Fushimi Castle for 12 days, killing several thousands of Mitsunari's army. They fought until there were only 10 of them left and committed ritual suicide.[3][4]

In a last statement[5] addressed to his son Torii Tadamasa, Mototada described how his family served the Tokugawa for generations and how his own brother had been killed in battle. In the letter, Torii stated that he considered it an honor to die first so that he might give courage to the rest of the Tokugawa warriors. He envisioned Tokugawa's reign remain far off into the future. He requested that his son raise his siblings to serve the Tokugawa clan "In both ascent and decline" and to remain humble desiring neither lordship nor monetary reward. When the order was given, the two lifelong friends, Torii Mototada and Tokugawa Ieyasu parted ways sadly knowing that they would never see each other again:

"It is not the Way of the Warrior to be shamed and avoid death even under circumstances that are not particularly important ... For myself, I am resolved to make a stand within the castle and to die a quick death. It would not take much trouble to break through a part of their numbers and escape, no matter how many tens of thousands of horsemen approached for the attack or by how many columns we were surrounded. But that is not the true meaning of being a warrior, and it would be difficult to account as loyalty. Rather, I will stand off the forces of the entire country here, and ... die a resplendent death."[citation needed]

Notable Action[edit]

Torii Mototada's actions had a great impact on the course of Japanese history.[citation needed] Tokugawa Ieyasu would raise an army of 90,000 and confront Ishida Mitsunari's forces at Sekigahara in what would be one of the bloodiest battles in the Sengoku period. 40,000 heads would be taken in the first hours of battle and 70,000 would perish in the next two days as the remnants of Mitsunari's vanquished army were hunted down and executed. The Battle of Sekigahara was a decisive one, resulting in the unification of Japan. Tokugawa's family would rule the entire country for the next 268 years.[citation needed]

Mototada's suicide at the fall of Fushimi is one of the most celebrated acts of seppuku in Japanese history.

Descendance[edit]

Among his descendants, Ōishi Yoshio (1659-1703), Karō (Chief retainer) of the Akō Asano clan, leader and hero of the Forty-seven Rōnin's revenge against Kira Yoshinaka,[6] was his great-great-grandson, through Yoshio's father Ōishi Yoshiaki, maternal grandson of Torii Tadakatsu, fourth son of Torii Mototada.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "朝日日本歴史人物事典「鳥居元忠」の解説". kotobank. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  2. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battle of the Samurai. London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 77. ISBN 0853688265.
  3. ^ "Why Bloody Footprints Line The Ceilings Of Kyoto's Genkoan Temple". Culture Trip. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  4. ^ A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era By Frank Brinkley, Dairoku Kikuchi Harvard University, 1915 pp. 559–560 [ISBN missing]
  5. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-03-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ Mitford, Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, Lord Redesdale (1871). Tales of Old Japan. London: University of Michigan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

References[edit]

Preceded by
none
 1st Lord of Yasaku
(Torii)
1590–1600 		Succeeded by
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