Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov
Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov (Russian: Никола́й Виссарио́нович Некра́сов) (November 1 [O.S. October 20] 1879, Saint Petersburg – May 7, 1940, Moscow) was a Russian liberal politician and the last Governor-General of Finland.
Biography[edit]
Parliamentary career[edit]
Born in the family of a priest, Nekrasov graduated with a degree in transportation engineering in 1902 and went abroad for graduate studies. After returning to Russia in 1904, he became a professor at the Tomsk Engineering Institute. In late 1905, at the height of the Russian Revolution of 1905, he helped found the Constitutional Democratic Party (aka the Kadet party) and headed its regional office in Yalta, Crimea. He was elected to the 3rd (1907) and 4th (1912) State Dumas. Nekrasov was an active member of the irregular freemasonic lodge, the Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples.[1] He was the Secretary General from 1912 to 1913 and again from 1914 to 1916.
Between 1909 and 1915, Nekrasov was a member of the Kadets' Central Committee, where he was consistently Left of center. He delivered the Kadets' parliamentary interpellation on April 9, 1912 after the Lena massacre,[2] denouncing what he described as the government's illegal interference in an economic dispute between labor and capital on the side of the latter. Later in 1912 Nekrasov argued that "constructive work" within the Duma had been made impossible by the Tsarist government and that the party should be more confrontational and use the Duma for anti-government propaganda instead of lawmaking.[3] On June 11, 1915 he resigned from the Central Committee over what he saw as the majority's willingness to give the government a blank check during World War I.
On November 6, 1916, Nekrasov was elected deputy Chairman of the Duma. At the same time, convinced that Emperor Nicholas II and his court were leading the country down the road to a military defeat and revolution, Nekrasov began plotting with former Duma Chairman Octobrist Alexander Guchkov, Kerensky, Aleksandr Konovalov and industrialist Mikhail Tereshchenko to force Nicholas to abdicate.[4] Nicholas’ 13-year-old son, Alexei, would then assume the throne and Nicholas' more liberal brother, Grand Duke Michael, would become Regent.[5] Their plans were still in progress when the February Revolution of 1917 made them moot.
Government Minister (March–August 1917)[edit]
Nekrasov became a member of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma on February 27, 1917. On March 2 he was appointed transportation minister in the Russian Provisional Government formed by the Duma. He argued for the inclusion of moderate socialists (Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries) in the government [6] and kept his post in the liberal-socialist coalition government formed on May 5. In late June Nekrasov was one of the Provisional Government's representatives at the negotiations with the Ukrainian Rada, which granted Ukraine a measure of autonomy within Russia. The agreement was adamantly opposed by the Kadet leadership, which wanted to postpone any decisions regarding ethnic minorities until the convocation of the Russian Constituent Assembly. When other Kadet ministers left the government in protest on July 2, Nekrasov resigned from the party and became deputy prime minister on July 8 after Alexander Kerensky replaced Georgy Lvov as head of government. When the coalition was re-formed under Kerensky on July 24, Nekrasov remained deputy prime minister and also became finance minister, representing the Radical Democratic Party. During the Kornilov Affair in late August, Nekrasov first supported Kerensky, but at one point suggested that Kerensky's resignation may present a way out of the crisis, which resulted in his exclusion from the next coalition government in September.
Last Governor-General of Finland (September–November 1917)[edit]
On September 17 (New Style from this point on) Nekrasov was appointed Governor-General of Finland after Mikhail Aleksandrovich Stakhovich quit from his post. Nekrasov's job was to negotiate between the Finnish Senate and the Russian Provisional Government. The Senate wanted to secure the Finnish autonomy with a treaty. This was approved by Kerensky in September, but in October the Senate came with a new proposal which would further increase Finnish independence.
On the morning of November 7 Nekrasov, on his way to Saint Petersburg to hand over the proposal to Kerensky, found out that Provisional Government had been overthrown by the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution. He informed the Senate that he would not return to Finland.
After the 1917 Revolution[edit]
Nekrasov kept a low profile during the Russian Civil War and did not resist the Bolsheviks, moving to Kazan in 1919. After the war ended, he was arrested in March 1921 and kept in prison for 2 months. He was released in May and made a member of the governing board of the Union of Consumer Cooperatives, where he remained until his next arrest on November 3, 1930. He was accused of having been involved in the Menshevik Center conspiracy and sentenced to 10 years in prison. After an early release in March 1933, he was arrested again on June 13, 1939, sentenced to death and shot on May 7, 1940.
Awards[edit]
Works[edit]
- Perspektivy razvitiia potrebitel'skoi kooperatsii na piat' let (with M. L. Maksimov), [?], 1927, 207p.
- General'nye dogovory vo vzaimootnosheniiah gosudarstvennoi promyshlennosti i poterbitel'skoi kooperatsii (with Abram Anan'evich Kissin), Moscow, 1928, xi, 174p.
Notes[edit]
- ^ "Noteworthy members of the Grand Orient of France in Russia and the Supreme Council of the Grand Orient of Russia's People". Grand Orient of Russia’s Peoples. 15 October 2017.
- ^ See Leopold H. Haimson. "The Workers' Movement after Lena: The dynamics of labor unrest in the wake of the Lena goldfield massacre (April 1912-July 1914)" in Russia's Revolutionary Experience, 1905-1917: Two Essays, Columbia University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-231-13282-4 p.122
- ^ See Melissa Stockdale. "The Constitutional Democratic Party" in Russia Under the Last Tsar, edited by Anna Geifman, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1999, ISBN 978-1-55786-995-1 pp. 164-169.
- ^ Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Russian Empire) By Fedor Aleksandrovich Gaida
- ^ See, e.g., Rosemary A. Crawford and Donald Crawford. Michael and Natasha: The Life And Love Of Michael II, The Last Of The Romanov Tsars, New York, Avon Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-380-73191-6 pp. 252-254 for a discussion of various plots to remove Nicholas II in late 1916-1917
- ^ On the key part played by Nekrasov, Prince Lvov and the Progressist leaders A. I. Konovalov and I. N. Efremov in the formation of the first coalition government in May 1917, see Rex A. Wade. The Russian Revolution, 1917, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-521-84155-9 p.292.
References[edit]
- Politicheskie deyateli Rossii 1917: Biograficheskij slovar', ed. Pavel Volobuev, Moscow, 1993, ISBN 978-5-85270-137-4.
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| National | |
| Other | |
- 1879 births
- 1940 deaths
- Politicians from Saint Petersburg
- People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
- Academic staff of Tomsk Polytechnic University
- Executed people from Saint Petersburg
- Governors of the Grand Duchy of Finland
- Members of the Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples
- Members of the 3rd State Duma of the Russian Empire
- Members of the 4th State Duma of the Russian Empire
- Ministers of the Russian Provisional Government
- Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
- Russian Constitutional Democratic Party members
- Russian people executed by the Soviet Union